The United States is considering a no-fly zone in Syria,
potentially its first direct intervention into the two-year-old civil
war, Western diplomats said on Friday, after the White House said
Syria had crossed a "red line" by using nerve gas.
After months of deliberation,
President Barack Obama's administration said on Thursday it would now
arm rebels, having obtained proof the Syrian government used chemical
weapons against fighters trying to overthrow President Bashar al-Assad. Two senior Western diplomats said Washington is looking into a no-fly zone close to Syria's southern border with Jordan.
"Washington
is considering a no-fly zone to help Assad's opponents," one diplomat
said. He said it would be limited "time-wise and area-wise, possibly
near the Jordanian border".
Imposing
a no-fly zone could require the United States to destroy Syria's
sophisticated Russian-built air defenses, thrusting it into the war with
the sort of action NATO used to help topple Muammar Gaddafi in Libya
two years ago.
Washington says it has not ruled out a no fly zone but has played down the prospect and said a decision is not "imminent".
"We
have not made any decision to pursue a military operation such as a
no-fly zone," U.S. Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes said on
Thursday.
"A no-fly zone … would
carry with it great and open-ended costs for the United States and the
international community. It's far more complex to undertake the type of
effort, for instance, in Syria than it was in Libya."
Any such move would also come up against a potential veto from Assad's ally
Russia in the U.N. Security Council. The Kremlin dismissed U.S. evidence of Assad's use of nerve gas.
"I
will say frankly that what was presented to us by the Americans does
not look convincing," President Vladimir Putin's senior foreign policy
advisor Yuri Ushakov said.
France said a no-fly zone would be impossible without U.N. Security Council authorization, which made it unlikely for now.
Nevertheless,
Washington has quietly taken steps that would make it easier, moving
Patriot surface-to-air missiles, war planes and more than 4,000 troops
into Jordan, officially as part of an annual exercise in the past week
but making clear that the assets could stay on when the war games are
over.
MOMENTUM TURNS
Syria's
civil war grew out of protests that swept across the Arab world in
2011, becoming by far the deadliest of those uprisings and the most
difficult to resolve, with powers across the Middle East squaring off on
sectarian lines.
Western
countries have spent the past two years demanding Assad leave power but
declining to use force as they did in Libya, because of the far greater
risk of fighting a much stronger country that straddles sectarian
divides at the heart of the Middle East and is backed by
Iran and Russia.
Just
months ago, Western countries believed Assad's days were numbered. But
momentum on the battlefield has turned in his favor, making the prospect
of his swift removal and an end to the bloodshed appear remote without
outside intervention.
Thousands of
seasoned fighters from Lebanon's pro-Iranian Hezbollah militia joined
the war on Assad's behalf in recent weeks and last week helped the
Syrian government recapture Qusair, a strategic town. Assad's government
says its troops are now preparing for a massive assault on Aleppo,
Syria's biggest city, mainly in rebel hands since last year.
Activists
reported an intensified assault on parts of Aleppo and its countryside
near the Turkish border overnight, sparking some of the most violent
clashes in months.
Hezbollah's
leader Hassan Nasrallah said the guerrilla group would not be shaken in
its support for Assad: "Wherever we need to be, we will be."
The
arrival of Shi'ite Hezbollah in the war on behalf of Assad, a member of
the Shi'ite offshoot Alawite sect, has exacerbated the war's dangerous
sectarian overtones across the tumultuous region. Egypt's ruling Muslim
Brotherhood backed a call by Sunni clerics for holy war.
OBAMA'S CALCULUS
The
use of chemical weapons provides a straightforward reason for
Washington to intervene. Deputy National Security Adviser Rhodes said
Washington now believed 100-150 people had been killed by government
poison gas attacks on rebels.
"The
president ... has made it clear that the use of chemical weapons or
transfer of chemical weapons to terrorist groups is a red line," he
said. "He has said that the use of chemical weapons would change his
calculus, and it has."Syria, which says rebels used chemical weapons not the government, said the U.S. statement was full of lies.
"
The White House ... relied on fabricated information in order to hold the
Syrian government responsible for using these weapons, despite a series
of statements that confirmed that terrorist groups in Syria have
chemical weapons," the foreign ministry said in a statement.
An
implicit threat to join the conflict puts Washington on a diplomatic
collision course with Moscow, which has used its U.N. Security Council
veto three times to block resolutions that might be used to threaten
force against Assad.
U.S.
officials say Obama will try to persuade Putin to abandon support for
Assad when the two leaders meet at a G8 summit in Northern
Ireland next week.
Washington
and Moscow have jointly called for a peace conference in Geneva, the
first attempt in a year by the Cold War foes to find a diplomatic
solution to the war, but the prospects for the talks now seem dubious.
The United Nations now estimates at least 93,000 people have been killed in Syria and millions driven from their homes.U.S.
and European officials were meeting the commander of the rebels'
Supreme Military Council and the Free Syrian Army (FSA), Salim Idriss,
on Friday in
Turkey.
The group was expected to ask for advanced weapons, a no-fly zone and
diplomatic help persuading Russia and Iran to stop backing Assad.
Western
powers have been reluctant in the past to arm the rebels, worried about
the rising strength of Sunni Islamist insurgents who have pledged
loyalty to al Qaeda.
The White
House said Washington would now provide "direct military support" to the
opposition. A U.S. official, speaking on condition of anonymity,
confirmed it would now include arms as opposed to "non-lethal" aid sent
in the past.
Syrian rebels already receive light arms from
Saudi Arabia and Qatar. They have asked for heavier weapons including anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles.
Qassem
Saadedine, a Supreme Military Council commander, called Obama's
decision to send weapons "very brave" and he hoped weapons would start
arriving in the coming weeks.
Islamist
rebel fighters in Syria were more skeptical. "We consider America an
enemy and see it as quite unlikely that it will actually give the
mujahideen weapons," Abu Bilal, a Sunni insurgent in Homs, told Reuters
via Skype.
An Islamist field
commander in Hama said he would take the weapons if he could get them:
"Everyone here right now is working on the principle that their enemy's
enemy is their friend. America is against Bashar right now, at least
publicly."UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said increasing the flow of arms to either side "would not be helpful."
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